The resulting Wendish Crusade of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity. The crusaders were without seaworthy ships, supplies or food. In, Nicholson, Helen (2006). In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). Their youngest brother Alphonse of Poitiers departed the next year. Guy of Lusignan responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put into the field. [20] The empire's relationships with its Islamic neighbours were no more quarrelsome than its relationships with the Western Christians, after the East-West Schism of 1054. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). The Second Crusade did not achieve its goals, and left the Muslim East in a stronger position with the rise of Saladin. The most significant effect of the First Crusade was the capture of Jerusalem and the formation of various Crusader states. The desire of Christians for a more effective church was evident in increased piety. First, there was the Byzantine's horror at unruly groups of warriors causing havoc in their territory. The news of the fall of Jerusalem reached Europe even before the arrival there of Archbishop Josius of Tyre, whom the Crusaders had sent with urgent appeals for aid. [166], The Seventh Crusade (12481254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. "Jaffa, Battle of (1102)". The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. Wars of the Cross Dozens of heretical groups suffered the same fate. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). Three days later, Richard took Jaffa, held by Saladin since 1187, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem. Godfrey's last battle, the siege of Arsuf, would be completed by Baldwin in April 1101. [221], Historians consider the crusader military architecture of the Middle East to demonstrate a synthesis of the European, Byzantine and Muslim traditions and to be the most original and impressive artistic achievement of the crusades. [32], Alexios persuaded many of the princes to pledge allegiance to him. In the 13th century, crusading was used against the Cathars in Languedoc and against Bosnia; this practice continued against the Waldensians in Savoy and the Hussites in Bohemia in the 15thcentury and against Protestants in the 16th. [89] The barons of Jerusalem withdrew support and the Crusaders retreated before the arrival of a relief army led by Nr-ad-Din. Papal power declines 3. As the transporters, the merchants, and the bankers . These included the 12th and 13thcentury conquest of Muslim Al-Andalus by Spanish Christian kingdoms; 12th to 15thcentury German Northern Crusades expansion into the pagan Baltic region; the suppression of non-conformity, particularly in Languedoc during what has become called the Albigensian Crusade and for the Papacy's temporal advantage in Italy and Germany that are now known as political crusades. [180], On 28 February 1250, Turanshah arrived from Damascus and began an Egyptian offensive, intercepting the boats that brought food from Damietta. Raymond lifted the siege of Arqa in May without capturing the town and the crusade proceeded south along the Mediterranean coast. [210], The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. [211] The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the Seventh OttomanVenetian War in the 18thcentury. Thessaloniki fell to Epirus in 1224, and Constantinople to Nicaea in 1261. 1.3: Consequences of the Crusades. Fulk's death later in the year left Joscelin II of Edessa with no powerful allies to help defend Edessa. [157], In 1229, Frederick II and the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil, had agreed to a ten-year truce. The translations made in Antioch are notable, but they are considered of secondary importance to the works emanating from Muslim Spain and from the hybrid culture of Sicily. [42] The Jerusalem knights offered the kingdom to Godfrey's brother Baldwin I of Jerusalem, then Count of Edessa. His father Henry II of England and Philip II of France had done so on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin. Crusader mobilization had important implications for European state formation. Francis I of France allied with all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Frankish practitioners borrowed methods from the Byzantines and indigenous artists and iconographical practice leading to a cultural synthesis, illustrated by the Church of the Nativity. Feudalism was a form of government common during medieval Europe that involved society being structured in a very rigid and hierarchical way. Louis knew that the army must be extricated to Damietta and they departed on the morning of 5 April, with the king in the rear and the Egyptians in pursuit. As the transporters, the merchants, and the bankers of crusading expeditions, it was northern Italians that derived the greatest financial benefit from the invasions. Unsanctioned by the church, there were also several Popular Crusades of ordinary citizens. [193] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. [92], The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks. The most obvious instance of this phenomenon was the Reconquest of Spain, which was explicitly seen through the lens of the crusading ideology at the time. Attempts were made to control the women's behaviour in ordinances of 1147 and 1190. [165], Although the Barons' Crusade returned the kingdom to its largest size since 1187, the gains would be dramatically reversed a few years later. Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa; the Principality of Antioch; the Kingdom of Jerusalem; and the County of Tripoli. [187] In 1270 Charles turned his brother King LouisIX's crusade, known as the Eighth Crusade, to his own advantage by persuading him to attack Tunis. [225], Manuscripts were produced and illustrated in workshops housing Italian, French, English and local craftsmen leading to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and techniques. [184] A brutal power struggle developed in Egypt between various Mamluk leaders and the remaining weak Ayyubid rulers. Jerusalem had been returned to Christian rule. [181] The Battle of Fariskur fought on 6 April 1250 would be the decisive defeat of Louis' army. [186] Baibars had three key objectives: to prevent an alliance between the Latins and the Mongols, to cause dissension among the Mongols (particularly between the Golden Horde and the Persian Ilkhanate), and to maintain access to a supply of slave recruits from the Russian steppes. The Knights Hospitaller had a medical mission in Jerusalem since before the First Crusade, later becoming a formidable military force supporting the crusades in the Holy Land and Mediterranean. Many of these deserted because of the Spanish tolerance of the defeated Muslims, for whom the Reconquista was a war of domination rather than extermination. The Council of Acre was held on 24 June 1148, changing the objective of the Second Crusade to Damascus, a former ally of the kingdom that had shifted its allegiance to that of the Zengids. In, Phillips, Jonathan (2006). "Devol, Treaty of (1108)". [191], The military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13thcenturies to recover the Holy Land from Muslims provided a template for warfare in other areas that also interested the Latin Church. [103], Baldwin IV of Jerusalem[104] became king on 5 July 1174 at the age of 13. The third group from northern France was led by Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy. This ended with his murder in a violent anti-Latin revolt. The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. Long Term Effects. Baldwin's cousin Baldwin of Bourcq, later his successor as Baldwin II, was named Count of Edessa, and Tancred became regent of Antioch during Bohemond's captivity, lasting through 1103. Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). The fleet returned to France. [106], Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of Raymond III of Tripoli. [124], The Fifth Crusade (12171221) was a campaign by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the sultan al-Adil, brother of Saladin. Thus, going forward, European Christianity itself became harsher, more intolerant, and more warlike because of the Crusades. In 1487, Pope Innocent VIII called for an armed crusade against populations of Waldensians in France. [35] Finally, Bohemond persuaded a guard in the city to open a gate. Louis, his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and many princes and lords prostrated themselves at the feet of Bernard in order to take the cross. In 1152, Raymond II of Tripoli became the first Frankish victim of the Assassins. Bursuq ibn Bursuq took command of the failed attempt against Edessa in 1114. Alexios IV offered the crusade 10,000 troops, 200,000 marks and the reunion of the Greek Church with Rome if they toppled his uncle Emperor Alexios III. All were granted papal indulgences. Resolved to keep his oath, he sent his fleet on to Acre. Effects of the Crusades Sources The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both. He defeated Fulk at the Battle of Ba'rin of 1137, seizing Ba'rin Castle. The armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route that would be pre-planned. Crusader symbols and anti-Islamic rhetoric are presented as an appropriate response. "Ager Sanguinis, Battle of (1119)". Negative: widespread persecution of Muslims and the increase of religious intolerance Positive: maritime trade between eastern and Western Europe expanded Students also viewed In, Powell, James M. (2006). [60] The early days of Baldwin II's reign included the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, the Field of Blood, on 28 June 1119. The Crusaders were able to capture the town of Banias, but were unable to take Damascus despite coming within six miles of the town. [24], In 1074, just three years after Manzikert and the Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem, Gregory VII began planning to launch a military campaign for the liberation of the Holy Land. They created a constant demand for the transportation of men and supplies, encouraged ship-building, and extended the market for eastern wares in Europe. They marched from southern France to Constantinople, where friction immediately arose between the Byzantines, who were unprepared for such an army, and the crusaders. Prior to the formal surrender of Damietta, the two sides would maintain hostages, among them John of Brienne and Hermann of Salza for the Franks side and a son of al-Kamil for Egypt. For instance, the armies of King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany were defeated during the Second Crusade at the hands of Muslim armies in Damascus. "God wills it! In. The Doge of Venice Enrico Dandolo proposed that Venice would be compensated with the profits of future conquests beginning with the seizure of the Christian city of Zara. Accordingly, they regarded the invasion as still another Byzantine incursion into Islamic territory, and, in fact, one inspired by previous Muslim victories in Byzantine domains. [87], The Crusader army arrived at Antioch on 19 March 1148 with the intent on moving to retake Edessa, but Baldwin III of Jerusalem and the Knights Templar had other ideas. The news of his death was met with mourning in Jerusalem. What happened when Crusaders entered Jerusalem during the First Crusade? In the spring of 1147, Eugene authorized the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. W. A. Wright, Rolls Series (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores) 86 (1887), line 10332, Papayianni, Aphrodite (2006). A month after the battle at Gaza, an-Nasir D'd, emir of Kerak, seized Jerusalem, virtually unguarded. [203], By the beginning of the 13thcentury Papal reticence in applying crusades against the papacy's political opponents and those considered heretics. In fact, he argued that the only advantage gained by the West was the apricot.This claim from Goff is supported by many historians, past and present, who claim that the Crusades were a significant military failure for the West. On Frederick II's death the focus moved to Sicily. Al-Kamil took advantage of this lull to reinforce his new camp at Mansurah, renewing his peace offering to the Crusaders, which was again refused. [217] The papacy's decline in power and influence had left it as little more than a localised bishopric, but its assertion grew under the influence of the Gregorian Reform in the period from the 1050s until the 1080s. The masters of the military orders then convinced Theobald to retreat to Acre rather than pursue the Egyptians and their Frankish prisoners. "Sigurd Jorsalfar (1090-1130)". Buoyed by their success at Civetot, the over-confident Seljuks left the city unprotected, thus enabling its capture after the siege of Nicaea in MayJune 1097. [241] Some of these works also provide insight into the later Crusades and Crusader states. For two days the Crusaders massacred the inhabitants and pillaged the city. "Ramla, Second Battle of (1102)". The crusades caused a rupture in western-Byzantine relations. Other works of note include:[citation needed]. This required the overthrow of Alexios III Angelos, the uncle of AlexiosIV. [158], The French expedition was led by Theobald I of Navarre and Hugh of Burgundy, joined by Amaury of Montfort and Peter of Dreux. Outbreaks of fighting between crusaders and Byzantine forces were common, and the mistrust and suspicion of their intentions grew. The Crusades were successful failures because they did not meet many of their goals, but left lasting effects. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188. [47], The reign of Baldwin I began in 1100 and oversaw the consolidation of the kingdom in the face of enemies to the north, the Seljuks, and the Fatimids to the south. The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation. [70] Fulk assumed full control of the government, excluding Melisende, as he favored fellow Angevins to the native nobility. "People's Crusades (1096)". [142] After much wrangling, an onerous agreement between the emperor and Pope Honorius III was signed on 25 July 1225 at San Germano. In, Hendrickx, Benjamin (2006). Trade with the Muslim world was thus extended beyond existing limits. It was time to advance, and the Frankish army set out towards Mansurah. The Crusades was an attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to regain the Holy Lands from the Muslims. [133], In November 1219, the Crusaders entered Damietta and found it abandoned, al-Kamil having moved his army south. In 1199, Pope Innocent III began the practice of proclaiming crusades against Christian heretics. The host consisted of four separate armies, sometimes regarded as a second wave following the First Crusade. The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143-1174, Chapter XVIII. The Many Repercussions of the Crusades The Crusades had a profound impact on Western civilization. The objective was Damascus, now led by the new atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the son of Toghtekin. [citation needed], These histories have provided evolving views of the Crusades as discussed in detail in the Historiography writeup in Crusading movement. [134], In July 1221, Pelagius began to advance to the south. In this Holy War the Christians goal was to obtain the Holy Land from the Turks, in which they did not succeed. In, Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). Principal references on this subject are the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades[242] and Norman Housley's The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Jovetta was held by il-Bursuqi and were ransomed by Baldwin II in 1125 using his spoils from the Battle of Azaz of 1125. [61] At Ager Sanguinis, an army led by Ilghazi annihilated the Antiochian forces led by Roger of Salerno who was killed during the battle. [43] Baldwin I was crowned as the first king of Jerusalem on Christmas Day 1100 by Dagobert at the Church of the Nativity. [208] The 1281 election of a French pope, MartinIV, brought the power of the papacy behind Charles. In June 1179, the Crusaders were defeated at the Battle of Marj Ayyub, and in August the unfinished castle at Jacob's Ford fell to Saladin, with the slaughter of half its Templar garrison. [69] Fulk and Melisende were crowned joint rulers of Jerusalem on 14 September 1131 in the same church where Baldwin II had been laid to rest. [116][117] Richard I and Philip II of France agreed to go on the Crusade in January 1188. It doesn't matter even if it was achieved through violence or war. Raymond of Poitiers, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. Merchants were further advantaged by technological improvements, and long-distance trade as a whole expanded. The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, defeating the Turks and reaching as far as Cilician Armenia. [40] At this point, most Crusaders considered their pilgrimage complete and returned to Europe. Having obtained commercial privileges in the fortified places of Syria, they became the favoured intermediaries for trade in goods such as silk, spices, as well as other raw alimentary goods and mineral products. The doctrine of papal supremacy conflicted with the view of the Eastern church that considered the pope as only one of the five patriarchs of the Christian Church, alongside the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. [113], Frederick took the cross in March 1188. In, Lind, John H. (2006). " Crusade of 1101". Churches were also pillaged, and many people were killed. [17] These Crusades began with the fervent desire to wrest the Holy Land from the Muslims, and ran through eight major numbered crusades and dozens of minor crusades over the period. In the ensuing Battle of Mansurah in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible. Urban talked of the violence of Europe and the necessity of maintaining the Peace of God; about helping Byzantium; about the crimes being committed against Christians in the east; and about a new kind of war, an armed pilgrimage, and of rewards in heaven, where remission of sins was offered to any who might die in the undertaking. A crusade would increase the prestige of the papacy, as it led a combined western army, and consolidate its position in Italy itself, having experienced serious threats from the Holy Roman Emperors in the previous century which had even forced the popes to relocate away from Rome. After the Crusader victory at the siege of Beirut in 1110, the Fatimid threat to the kingdom subsided for two decades. Zengi came north to begin the first siege of Edessa, arriving on 28 November 1144. The call for the First Crusade intensified the persecutions of the Jews that would continue with subsequent crusades. The nobles that remained captured the Levant coast between Tyre and Tripoli before returning to Germany. On the Muslim side, al-Kamil himself was pleased with the accord, but other regarded the treaty as a disastrous event. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. "Finance of Crusades". On 20 August 1191, Richard had more than 2000 prisoners beheaded at the massacre of Ayyadieh. Specifically, Edward would have learnt from the scientific approach Muslims took to building, harnessing concentricity and using the area around the castle to strong effect. [85], Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147. Iftikhar al-Dawla, the commander of the garrison, struck a deal with Raymond, surrendering the citadel in return for being granted safe passage to Ascalon. [123] When the crusade entered Constantinople, AlexiosIII fled and was replaced by his nephew. [169], The recruiting effort under cardinal Odo of Chteauroux was difficult, and the Crusade finally began on 12 August 1248 when Louis IX left Paris under the insignia of a pilgrim, the Oriflamme. [172] The Franks were soon met by those from Acre including the masters of the Orders Jean de Ronay and Guillaume de Sonnac. [146] Becoming pope in 1227, Gregory IX was determined to proceed with the Crusade. The Crusade of 1101 was a total disaster both militarily and politically, showing the Muslims that the Crusaders were not invincible. In 1054 differences in custom, creed, and practice spurred Pope Leo IX to send a delegation to the Patriarch of Constantinople, which ended in mutual excommunication and an EastWest Schism. [150] Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent and the next day, crowned himself. 2 (2021), ed. The remaining German army moved under the command of the English and French forces that arrived shortly thereafter. They were joined by a force led by Conrad, constable to the German emperor, Henry IV. [9][10], The Arabic word for struggle or contest, particularly one for the propagation of Islamjihdwas used for a religious war of Muslims against unbelievers, and it was believed by some Muslims that the Quran and Hadith made this a duty. [249], Tertiary sources. [65] The actions resulted in the successful siege of Tyre, taking the city from the Damascene atabeg Toghtekin. Other armies included: one led by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne; forces led by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred; and contingents under Robert Curthose, Stephen of Blois, Hugh of Vermandois, and Robert II of Flanders. The most well-known Crusades took place between 1095 . He died on 8 April 1143 and was succeeded as emperor by his son Manuel I Komnenos. Crusader terminology remained largely indistinguishable from that of Christian pilgrimage during the 12thcentury. Wall mosaics were unknown in the west but in widespread use in the crusader states. In 1025, the Byzantine emperor Basil II was able to extend the empire's territorial recovery to its furthest extent in 1025, with frontiers stretching east to Iran. The men were massacred, with the women and children enslaved, and the walls razed. It was agreed that Egypt was the objective and many remembered how the sultan's father had been willing to exchange Jerusalem itself for Damietta in the Fifth Crusade. Generalists focus on the basic phenomenon of Latin holy wars. Fulk surrendered the castle and paid Zengi a ransom for his and Raymond's freedom. [143] Frederick II would go on the Crusade as king of Jerusalem. [126] Frederick had taken the cross in 1215, but hung back, with his crown still in contention, and Honorius delayed the expedition. "Crusade of 1129". Social and Cultural Growth and Conflict. [75] Fulk intervened, but Zengi's troops captured Pons' successor Raymond II of Tripoli, and besieged Fulk in the border castle of Montferrand. The Teutonic Knights diverted efforts from the Holy Land, absorbed these orders and established the State of the Teutonic Order. He sailed on 8 September 1227, but before they reached their first stop, Frederick was struck with the plague and disembarked to secure medical attention. [64] The Western participants included those from the Republic of Venice as well as Pons of Tripoli. [1] These differed from other Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants forgiveness for all confessed sins. It goes without saying that the crusades also had a highly negative effect on interfaith relations. Meanwhile, Dagobert of Pisa, now Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, made the same offer to Bohemond, and asking that he prevent Baldwin's expected travel to Jerusalem. [112], The news of the disastrous defeat at the battle of Hattin and subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe. [6] This led to the French croisadethe way of the cross. The pope called on Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. [88] Bad luck and poor tactics of the Crusaders led to the disastrous five-day siege of Damascus from 24 to 28 July 1148. [73] In 1135, Zengi moved against Antioch and, when the Crusaders failed to put an army into the field to oppose him, he captured several important Syrian town. The Greek resistance prompted AlexiosIV to seek continued support from the crusade until he could fulfil his commitments. chess, Arabic figures 0 to 9, pain killing drugs, algebra, irrigation, chemistry, the colour scarlet, water wheels and water clocks. The Rise of Saladin, 1169-1189, Chapter XIX. [227], Until the requirement was abolished by InnocentIII, married men needed to obtain their wives' consent before taking the cross, which was not always readily forthcoming. But the letter was intercepted and Bohemond was captured with Richard of Salerno by the Danishmends after the battle of Melitene in August 1100. The 16thcentury saw growing rapprochement. Counted with the dead were the king's brother Robert I of Artois, William Longespe and most of his English followers, Peter of Courtenay, and Raoul II of Coucy. Theobald decided to fortify Ascalon to protect the southern border of the kingdom and to move against Damascus later. Hurrying his forces back to Cairo , he turned to his vizier Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh to command the army that fortified Damietta in anticipation of the invasion. In, Gerish, Deborah (2006). [170] With him were queen Margaret of Provence and two of Louis' brothers, Charles I of Anjou and Robert I of Artois. The Teutonic Knights supported the later Prussian campaigns into the fifteenth century. Second Crusade (11471149). On 15 July 1244, the city was reduced to ruins during the siege of Jerusalem and its Christians massacred by the Khwarazmian army. Mesud and his forces almost totally destroyed Conrad's contingent at the Second Battle of Dorylaeum on 25 October 1147. Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. [54] Bohemond crossed into the Balkans and began the failed siege of Dyrrhachium. Among the survivors were the Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac, losing an eye, Humbert V de Beaujeu, constable of France, John II of Soissons, and the duke of Brittany, Peter Maulcerc. [163] The force marched to Jaffa, where they completed the negotiations for a truce with Ayyubid leaders begun by Theobald just a few months prior. [148] Of the troops he had sent in 1227 had mostly returned home. In, El-Azhari, Taef (2006). T.K. [234] Right-wing circles in the western world have drawn opposing parallels, considering Christianity to be under an Islamic religious and demographic threat that is analogous to the situation at the time of the crusades. [38], On 7 June 1099, the Crusaders reached Jerusalem. In, Madden, Thomas F. (2006). [212], The threat of the expanding Ottoman Empire prompted further campaigns. Western Europe also benefited from algebra and alchemy, which were Muslim innovations that led to the advancement of chemistry, as well as from Arabic numerals that now form the basis of modern mathematics. Louis was not willing to negotiate with the infidel Muslims, but he did unsuccessfully seek a Franco-Mongol alliance, reflecting what the pope had sought in 1245. Byzantine Empire is weakened 2. Legal. Richard consented, the new agreement was ratified by Ayyub by 8 February 1241, and prisoners from both sides were released on 13 April. The Crusade ended on 1 July 1198 after capturing Sidon and Beirut. [154] In the end, the Sixth Crusade successfully returned Jerusalem to Christian rule and had set a precedent, in having achieved success on crusade without papal involvement. 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